Give Me a Free Essay Essay

When composing the Constitution in 1789, the Founding Fathers were anxious to stress that the executive branch of the new republic was to be subordinate to the peoples’ representation, the Congress. They achieved this through the Separation of Powers, a theory of government thought up by the French philosopher Montesquieu to prevent over-mighty or tyrannical government. The elaborate system of ‘checks and balances’ introduced greatly reduced the traditional authority of the executive, leaving some to argue that U.  S. presidents have been left with very little power, if only the power of persuasion. However to what extent is this true? Theodore Roosevelt famously stated that he was both â€Å"king and prime minister†, even though other presidents, such as Johnson and Truman have stressed the weakness of the presidency. The argument that presidents have only the power to persuade can be seen in many of the formal powers of the president laid out in Article II of the Constitution. This can perhaps best be seen in his powers of nomination, both for federal judges and executive branch officials. The president has only the power to suggest appointments to these positions; the final confirmation of the president’s choice lies with Congress. This will sometimes mean lengthy negotiations between the branches of government, with the president using his ‘pork barrel’ in an attempt to win over Senators. In 1987, Reagan’s nomination of Robert Bork was rejected by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, resulting in embarrassment for both the president and his nominee. Reagan was unable to do anything about this, other than to suggest a new nominee in the hope that they would be accepted instead. The president’s power of persuasion is also illustrated by his role as chief diplomat for the United States. In this position, he negotiates major treaties with foreign countries, such Carter’s Panama Canal Treaty or Bush Snr. ’s Chemical Weapons Ban. Even so, it is the job of the Congress to ratify the treaty; it has no legal authority until it has been accepted by the Senate with a two-thirds majority. As such, the president can only persuade the Senate to accept it, arguing for its merits or using his limited access to patronage. For instance, the Treaty of Versailles drawn up President Wilson in the aftermath of the First World War was rejected by the Senate, resulting in America being unable to join the League of Nations, a ‘pet-project’ of the President. Later in the C20th, the Senate refused to ratify a further six treaties, which presidents such as Eisenhower (1960) and Clinton (1999) had worked hard on the international stage to achieve. Similarly, the president’s powers to submit the annual budget and propose legislation both require Congressional action if they are to have any authority. The president’s State of the Union address comprises key pieces of legislation which the president would like to be introduced (such as more green jobs and banking regulations seen in Obama’s 2010 address). However, this is meaningless unless they are introduced to and accepted by Congress, a process that requires the president to act tactfully using bipartisanship to persuade Congressmen and Senators to follow his proposals.

Control Mechanisms in Management Essay

The four control standards the team chose to explore in regard to McDonald’s are performance, performance vs. standards, corrective action, and reinforce successes. The team will compare and contrast these control mechanisms, and determine the effectiveness of each. The team will also examine the positive and negative reactions to the use of these controls. Performance Standards â€Å"A standard is an expected performance for a given goal or target that establishes a desired performance level, motivates performance, and serves as a benchmark against which actual performance is assessed† (Bateman, 2009, p. 576). Performance standards relate directly to the success of the company. McDonald’s has set standards for customer service, and customer satisfaction. The standards are communicated to the employees by the store manager and training manager. Management sets attainable goals to motivate employee performance; he or she communicates these goals clearly, and revaluates these goals. Evaluating Performance Companies should evaluate the performance of employees and management to ensure the goals of the company are achieved. In the past McDonald’s evaluated their own-operators on a regular basis until the mid-1990s. McDonald’s discontinued evaluation that resulted in lower customer satisfaction. McDonald’s reinstated performance evaluations in 2001 to improve customer satisfaction. Today regional managers inspect and evaluate franchises on a regular basis. Forms with standard operation procedures enhance the evaluation process, and this information is input in McDonald’s database for further review. Today’s managers can input the evaluation from his or her company PDA. Performance vs. Standards â€Å"The managerial principle of exception states, which control is enhanced by concentrating on the exceptions to, or significant deviation from, the expected result or standard (Bateman, 2009, p. 578). Companies compare the performance of employees by evaluating how well the employee followed the standards or guidelines set by the company. Corrective Action and Reinforce Successes During the work process errors happen and managers should address these problems with his or her employees. Errors happen but managers also see the success of employees meeting or exceeding company goals. Companies should reward employees who meet or exceed the goals of the company. Compare and Contrast McDonald’s main goal is to develop sustainability. The leaders of McDonald’s have set standards of financial growth, customer service, product quality and safety, and corporate responsibility and conduct to achieve this main goal. Considering McDonald’s dominance in the fast-food industry, it is safe to say they have been successful at achieving their performance standards. McDonald’s has been a success because management takes immense care in measuring their performance, comparing their performance to their standards, and taking corrective action to get their performance on the right track. Management analyzes many reports to measure the company’s performance, such as customer satisfaction surveys, the annual report and corporate responsibility report, and performance audits. Management also observes their operation to measure performance. From analyzing these performance reports and audits, management can compare performance to their standards, past performance, and goals. For instance, the six-year summary in the 2011 Annual Report shows McDonald’s earned nearly three billion dollars in total revenue growth between 2010 and 2011 (McDonald’s, 2011). By comparing performance, management can identify deviations from their standards and goals and make corrections. Initiatives such as Employee Value Proposition, Leadership Development Framework and healthier menu items are examples of corrective action taken to improve performance (McDonald’s, 2009, pgs. 6 -7). McDonald’s management can execute these four performance controls successfully by having the drive to improve, building a culture of values, and constantly working toward sustainability (McDonald’s, 2009, pg. 5). McDonald’s worldwide success for many decades adds credence to management’s effectiveness in executing all four performance controls. Determine Effectiveness The four control standards the team chose to explore in regard to McDonald’s work well together, as is evident by the success of the company. The fast-food industry is hard to be successful in unless the company has the right combination of plans and controls. McDonald’s is a leader in this field because the company uses just the right amount of each. The McDonald’s control standards do not act well together unless there are people who make the standards work together. There have been times when some of the control standards have been in need of further guidance. During such times corporate management has had to change some of the ways the controls work. This is to ensure McDonald’s operates to the best of its abilities for effectiveness. Examine Positive and Negative Reactions From examining McDonald’s awards and recognition, it appears McDonald’s has received a very positive reaction to how they use these controls. Such awards include Fortune Magazine’s 2012 number 11 â€Å"Most Admired Company in the World,† Forbes Magazine 2010 â€Å"Most Admired Companies,† 2010 â€Å"Corporate Award† from the Executive Leadership Council (McDonald’s, 2012). Internally, McDonald’s has received positive reaction or at least buy-in, considering their performance and employer awards, to their performance controls, more than likely from their efforts in taking care of their people. McDonald’s has implemented leadership development and employee value proposition programs, and diversity and inclusion and social responsibility initiatives that have promoted employee satisfaction and trust in the company (McDonald’s, 2012). Also their business relationship model between their employees, suppliers, and owner/operators has developed strong communication throughout its operation. Although McDonald’s has been widely successful, they have also failed from time to time. In 2001, University of Michigan rated McDonald’s as one of the poorest-performing retailers from a year-long customer satisfaction study (Zuber, 2001, P. 1). More recently, ConsumerAffairs.com holds hundreds of consumer complaints of McDonald’s service, showing that even a successful giant like McDonald’s still has room for improvement. Controls Affect on Functions The four control standards the team chose to explore are performance, performance vs. standards, and corrective action, and reinforce successes. These controls affect the four functions of management in numerous ways. Pakhare (2011), † Effective and efficient management leads to success, which is the attainment of objectives and goals, that an organization sets for itself. Of course, for achieving the ultimate goal, management needs to work creatively in problem solving and execute all the four functions† (Para. 1-12). Since we have a basic understanding of these functions we can see clearly how they are in direct relationship to the control standards we have chosen. With each control standard we see how they closely work with each function. This particular formula is commonplace in many organizations on a global level. The analysis shows that McDonald’s has a good plan of control mechanisms in place, and good functions of management to support the corporation. This has been a key factor of the corporation’s long success in a business where many do not last long. The company has many beneficial areas to back up why they are one of the world’s favorite places to eat and probably will continue to be as successful for many years to come. References McDonalds. (2011). 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/Investors%202012/2011%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf McDonalds. (2012). Awards and Recognition. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/awards_and_recognition.html McDonalds. (2012). Our Company. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcdonalds_system.html McDonalds. (2009). Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Online Report: The values we bring to the table. Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.at/presse/maps/McDCSR.pdf Pakhare, J. (2011). Management Concepts – The Four Functions of Management. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management.html Zuber, A. (2001). McD restructures to beef up performance. Retrieved from

Marketing Communication Activities Research Paper

Marketing Communication Activities - Research Paper Example Marketing communication activities are primarily aimed at building awareness of the existence of a business, its products, its services and its position. Such activities are done through advertising, trade show presentations, web sites, press releases, brochures and other public relations activities. This report will discuss the marketing communications activities for pre and post-launch aimed at optimizing food and beverage income for investors who are establishing a hotel. The report will also highlight the tools and approaches required for measuring the effectiveness of these marketing communication activities. Introduction The property at 45 Avenue de la Gare in Lausanne has been bought by the investment team that wishes to establish a hotel at the site. This report is a consultancy support paper that provides professional advice to the investment team on the marketing communication activities that it can be involved in so as to effectively deal with competition and market condit ions within the Lausanne area. The new hotel that is being set up is aimed at providing affordable luxury which appeals to mobile warriors and is attractive to a local hip crowd. The hotel is intended to have comfortable beds, social spaces and a business pop-up space to be used for short term retail meetings and small seminars. The new hotel is finally meant to have a welcome area, dining space, functional work-out space with basic gym equipment and space as well as being technologically relevant. The marketing communications activities are intended to pass across messages that the hotel is accessible, affordable, ambient, kid-friendly and functional. This report will highlight the marketing communication activities that the hotel can be engaged in so as to send messages to the potential customers that the hotel that the hotel is accessible, affordable, ambient, kid-friendly and functional. Marketing communication planning It is imperative that all marketing activities should be gu ided by a marketing communications plan which is strategically thought out so as to guide all marketing and promotion activities (Clow and Baack, p. 9). Marketing communications activities are all the programs that are designed by the marketing team to sell products, services or ideas of a business. These activities need to be planned for so that they can succeed. Market communication planning is usually made up of four major steps which are: 1. Research Research involves the systematic and objective gathering of pertinent information that will be used in determine what will messages will be communicated and to whom they will be communicated (Clow and Baack, p. 10). Research is necessary before planning is done and it can be done through browsing libraries, web sites and asking opinions of authoritative and reputable people. Research on marketing communication activities is necessary because it helps to find out the basic attitudes of customers so that we can know construct effectiv e messages. Research is also useful because it measures the true opinions of the various groups that will need to be communicated to. The hotel investment team should conduct research on market communication activities so as to identify opinion leaders who have influence over the target market. The hotel investment team will be able to minimize on costs since it will only concentrate on key audiences and valid objectives during the market

Watsons Theory Of Human Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Watsons Theory Of Human Caring - Essay Example In addition, it allows for phenomenological forces and open expression of both positive and negative feelings. This paper will discuss the application of Watson’s theory of human caring to nursing scenario. Watson’s theory of human caring Introduction The nursing scenario involves Mr. Peter, aged 65 years who is admitted in a hospital with severe depression. His wife died 6 months ago, aged at 55 years and his children are living miles away. Mr. Peter was diagnosed with prostate cancer few years ago and has a leg injury that he sustained after he was involved in a car accident during his teenage years. He is not used to quad cane that his children brought for him. Although prostate cancer has been managed for some time, his eating habits have gradually changed and his children have noticed signs of behavioral changes such as lack of sleep, poor eating habits, locking all bedrooms and cabinets in the house. In addition, Mr. Peter is ever complaining about his finances. I the above nursing scenario, Watson’s theory of human caring is useful in enhancing the patient nursing care (George, 2002). The theory assumes that caring is only practiced interpersonally and human caring entails certain curative factors that ultimately lead to human needs’ satisfaction (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, caring practice is central to nursing practice since it promotes the health and individual growth (Watson, 1999). The theory is based on ten carative factors that include the formation of humanistic-altruistic value system, installation of faith and hope, and promotion of interpersonal teaching (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, it entails cultivation of sensitivity to others and development of trust relationships with patients. In addition, the carative factors entails acceptance of both positive and negative feelings, assistance with the gratification of human needs, and use of scientific methods in decision making (George, 2002). Accordingly, the theory ent ails allowance for existential-phenomenological factors and providing a supportive and protective environment that enhances the physical, social and spiritual development of the nursing patient (George, 2002). The theory can be used in nursing care since it entails enabling hope and faith and being sensitive to others through cultivating patient’s own individual practices (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, the nurse and patient development loving, trustful and caring relationships that enable the patient to express both negative and positive feelings freely (Watson, 1999). Watson’s theory entails formation of the humanistic-altruistic value system that entails kindness and caring consciousness (Daniels, 2004). In this regard, the nurse reviews the values development between the interaction of the patient and the parents, the values developed through life experiences and values that promote altruistic behaviors towards others. Accordingly, faith-hope is critical in curative and carative processes since the nurse promotes a sense of well-being through highlighting beliefs that are meaningful to the patient (Wills and McEwen, 2002). The third carative factor entails cultivation of sensitivity towards others thus the nurse develops own feelings towards others especially feelings that encourage self-growth and actualization of the patients (Watson, 1999). In this regard, the nurse will promote higher well-being if only he or she establishes person-to-person relationship with the client (Daniels, 2004). The theory also entails the establishment of helpful and trust relationships through constant rapport and efficient communication with the patient. In this regard, empathy and non-verbal communication must be entail empathetic

Blink and Entrepreneurial Mindset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blink and Entrepreneurial Mindset - Essay Example The entrepreneur can be seen as a special breed of small business owners who are concerned with living life to the fullest. They understand a bigger picture as they are discovering how their business works. Entrepreneurs are often seen as free thinkers who are always looking for new ways to express their business and who are always looking for unique ways to get their business out to the public. Experts often say that the entrepreneurial mindset is key to the entrepreneurs ability to solve problems in a unique and interesting way. In the beginning sections of Gladwells book, the reader is introduced to several new concepts. He is most interested in the concept of instinct although he does not call it instinct. He calls it the ability to understand a lot of information through a small bit of information. This information comes within the "first two seconds" (p. 8) of obtaining information. He calls this concept, "thin-slicing" and further defines it as "the ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behavior based on very narrow slices of experience" (p. 23). When looking at the entrepreneurial mindset, the entrepreneur has the ability to think-slice all the time. They are constantly moving forward and gathering small bits of information in order to find new and innovative ideas. Gladwell sees intuition as important because it works before the conscious mind begins and often gives the most information these first few seconds. Gladwell also discusses the concept of rhythm in that in human relationships a natural rhythm emerges. For the entrepreneur, this rhythm acts as a second sense for the entrepreneur that allows them to provide their best service to their customers because they can determine their needs easily. Gladwell explains that thin-slicing is an automatic and instinctual way of understanding information quickly in any situation. Thin-slicing particularly happens in the first few seconds when someone

English grammar and spelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English grammar and spelling - Essay Example The part that I am doing is making a program by using Microsoft Visual Basic. It can control the wireless robot by the tool panel program, which is made in Visual Basic, by using the serial communication system to send the characters through the COM port to be received by the robot wireless device. In controlling the robot movement in different directions, for example; the Visual Basic Program sends character "E" for moving forward and "C" for backward, "S" for left and "F" for right and "D" for stopping the movement. In addition to making a screen in Visual Basic program, the user is able to view the live video directly by changing the size of the screen. The user can control the robot by pressing buttons. Apart from my own efforts, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of my instructors. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to my instructors for allowing me to explore fields like Robotics and Image processing. I am grateful for their constant support and help. The characterization of the BASIC language is easy to use and easy to learn. Most copies and versions of BASIC language allows the user to communicate with the computer directly. BASIC is used in the fields of science and commercial, as well as other areas. The Visual Basic program is one of the best programs for beginners. Also, the Visual Basic language is easier than C++ and Java. It is a programming language that is considered to be one of the most important computer languages in use today. The original name was Basic, but then it developed to become Visual Basic. Visual language is easy to learn, simple, powerful and famous. It also requires some logical thinking, though it is an easy way for most of the beginners to make programs specifically for them. For example, to facilitate their tasks of their daily jobs. The programming of the robot involves working on developing the capacity of some interested groups from the community; there

The effect of domestic violence on children with in the United Kingdom Essay

The effect of domestic violence on children with in the United Kingdom - Essay Example 149). However, the legal and policy response to these problems has operated upon a presumption that service provision for women who experience domestic violence is also sufficient to meet the needs of children and young people (Mullender & Morley, p. 2; Parkinson & The invisibility of children who experience domestic violence stems from an apparent reluctance on the part of researchers to conduct child-focused qualitative research on this issue (Mullender et al., p. 2). Consequently, few studies have engaged with children and young people about their experiences of domestic violence (but see NCH Action for Children, 2004; Hague et al., 1996; McGee, 2000; Mullender et al., 2002, Gorin, 2004). This is despite significant efforts in family and social policy research more generally to involve and consult directly with children and young people about their views and experiences (Hallett & Prout, 2003; Smart et al., 2001). As a national umbrella organisation, The Womens Aid Federation of England and Wales (WAFE) have been at the forefront of refuge provision for women and children who flee domestic violence. Refuges frequently accommodate women and children fleeing domestic violence not just from their local area but also from outside the area (Ball, p. 35). WAFE supports 270 refuge organisations and manages 567 safe houses across England and Wales (WAFE, 2001). However, the number of refuge places available today still falls short of the recommendation of the 1975 Select Committee on Violence in Marriage that there should be one family refuge place per 10,000 of the population (WAFE, 2001). Refuges have long struggled to attract enough central or local government funding to survive. Consequently, they have historically been funded from a variety of sources. These include local authority housing departments and social services departments, charities and trusts, housing

Contact zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contact zone - Essay Example It happened that I befriended a tour guide who promised to take me deep into the communal areas to meet people and learn their culture someday before returning home. The problem was that on arriving in the rural area, I was embarrassed by having many people from the community following us and making some funny jokes about my dressing that was very different from theirs. In summers, am used to wearing light clothing that expose most of the body to enjoy the sun bath and the freshness of the weather in my destinations. However, the community I visited was a conservative one that adorned in clothes that covered almost the entire body. I could clearly tell they were making fun of my clothing. When having lunch, as I liked having new delicacies from native communities, the type of food that was served was very different to what I was used to. From that time, I could read some negative reactions from the people I had visited and even the person I head befriended was involved in some jokes that made fun of me. Considering am not used to working in the garden, I made an ugly scene trying to learn farming using animals to plough. The reaction in the entire contact with the community was that I was a fool who did not know the best things to eat and one that could not work. From the interpretations that I got, I learned that the locals were remarking that people of my type were a lazy lot who could not do any physical activity or wear decent clothing to cover the body. From the experience, a contact zone is influenced by the extent of adherence to beliefs and values in a community and the degree to which such a community recognizes and embraces defying cultures. The community in question was a conservative one that followed strict codes of behaviour and values. Anyone who failed to abide by these values was a laughing stock and an outcast not welcome in the community. Pratt (37) suggested that a person surrounded and living in a particular culture will develop a strong be lief that their culture is much better than other cultures out there, and will look down upon anyone practicing a different culture. This influence was manifested in the community above. Most of the indigenous people do not travel but live in strong communal ties separated into several clans, with each clan having a strict code of values and behaviours to follow. As a result, anyone with different behaviours or values was an intruder whose behaviour had to be ignored with a â€Å"disgusting† attitude. Concerning the dressing code, the community had a strong belief that wearing exposing clothing was a taboo that an adult was not supposed to be indulged in. A pair of summer shorts and a small vest was not considered decent clothing, and from the observation, there was a sense of disgust especially from the elders. Communities are differentiated not by their genuineness, nevertheless by the stylishness in which such communities are imagined (Pratt 37). Judging from the entire re ception and treatment while in the community, it was evident that the community had a perception and belief that I lacked values and discipline. The fact that I could not participate in farm activities effectively or other strenuous physical activities such as using animals in the farm suggested I was lazy compared to their fellow communal members. The main problem was that the community lacked any insight regarding western communities or life and cultures in the western world,

4.1. Patriot leadership during the battle of Monmouth 1778 Essay

4.1. Patriot leadership during the battle of Monmouth 1778 - Essay Example der-in-chief of the Continental Army managed to have a deep sense of optimism and established himself in the belief that Americans can be guided to the virtue of patriotic courage in achieving the most yearned freedom. Despite the extreme hot weather that prevailed during the battle where a significant number of British and American soldiers died of heat stroke, the American general withdrew not from his original scheme. Though opposed and held back by Major Gen. Charles Lee in his thought of assaulting the enemy’s rear guard near Monmouth Court House at New Jersey, Gen. Washington’s command remained steadfast in pressing his 5000 armed men to seize Gen. Clinton and defeat the British troops (Hickman). The patriotism that emerged with the leading character of Gen. Washington may be identified as one that consists of unshaken revolutionary prospect, with both heart and mind proceeding to work in unity. It occurred that while Lee was most likely thinking of the heavy losses ahead of them under the typical fear of Great Britain’s voluminous power, the general maintained inner strength by the inspiring principle of an independent nation that enabled him to carry on the violent pur suit of victory for the US without

Otherness and Alienation in Joyce Essay Example for Free

Otherness and Alienation in Joyce Essay The striking feature of James Joyce’s hero in A Portrait of an Artist as a young Man and Dubliners is that of a detached observer of his fellow-beings and environment: home, religion and country. From a normal boy of Dublin he gradually emerges to be an artist of high sensibility who shuns the influences of social and religious order. The esthetic power of re-creating the world makes Stephen reject the order of the Jesuits. In the stories as well as the novel, the hero chooses the role of an artist in exile. The lack of social value framework makes the artist feel he has no function to play; he must practice his part in silence and in exile. Joyce raises the question of proper aesthetic attitude and develops art from egocentric lyrical to dramatic approach. He has portrayed human activities with complete aloofness, using dramatic method. His fictions have epiphany rather than the conventional suspense, well-contrived plot and action. James Joyce shows the growth of a highly sensitive artistic mind in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in an atmosphere dominated by conservative religion. His hero as a detached observer is very similar to Albert Camus’ protagonist in The Outsider, except for the fact that Stephen begins with religious faith and ends with his esthetics which is definitely a positive feature. From a normal boy of Dublin he gradually emerges to be an artist of high sensibility who shuns the influences of social and religious order. The esthetic power of re-creating the world makes Stephen reject the order of the Jesuits. In the stories as well as the novel, the hero chooses the role of an artist in exile. The lack of social value framework makes the artist feel he has no function to play; he must practice his part in silence and in exile. Joyce raises the question of proper esthetic attitude and develops art from egocentric lyrical to dramatic approach. He has portrayed human activities with complete aloofness, using dramatic method. His fictions have epiphany rather than the conventional suspense, well-contrived plot and action. Having been dissatisfied with the religious doctrines as inadequate, he goes on develop his esthetics which is, according to David Daiches : To look at the world with the eye of the artist who combines the naked sensibility and the pure aesthetic eye and be satisfied with the artist’s god-like power to re-create the world with words. It is this discovery that prompts Stephen’s rejection to join the order of the Jesuits. (Daiches. 199) The drab surroundings of Dublin and his sharp intelligence and excessive sensibility turn every experience into a conflict in Stephen’s soul – the religious versus the pagan, the struggle of the flesh versus the spirit. Joyce said, ‘I call the series Dubliners to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city. ’ (Beja. 16) The boy narrator of â€Å"Araby† finds the Dublin environment pretty dull (described in the first paragraph) and he tries to forget it by falling in love with his friend Mangan’s sister. He manages to suppress his obsession with the girl, but fails miserably to buy her a gift from the fair because of the insensibilities of the salespersons. At the end he is left with an excruciating depression which culminates in an epiphany: ‘Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. ’(Dubliners. 33) It is the realization of the aloof artist who is disillusioned with the ways of the world. The insensitive behavior of the salespersons makes him disenchanted about the world. Another hero in â€Å"An Encounter† shows his isolation when he confesses that he has no sweethearts while Mahony and his friends have plenty. ‘I answered that I had none. He did not believe me and said he was sure I must have one. I was silent. ’ (Dubliners. 23) Stephen’s experience at the Jesuit school is a perpetual conflict with the environment as is evident:

Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems

Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems Analysis of Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems Introduction and Motivation 1.1 Background The development of smart terminals and their application, the need for multimedia services rapidly increases lately [1]. The capacity of wireless the Quality of Service necessities of mobile applications of wireless communication networks is increasing exponentially [1]. Bandwidth Efficiency is typically one of the important metrics to Systems [1], [1]. Energy Efficiency become a metric for assessing the performances of wireless communications systems with some BE restrictions [1] [1]. 1.2 Research Motivations An accurate modelling of the total power consumption is the primary of (BS) antennas and number of active (UEs) for LS-MIMO systems [15]. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives The research objectives which are briefly explained and summarized as below: To compare the performance of the proposed uplink and downlink of LS-MIMO systems for ZF, MRT/MRC, and MMSE processing schemes at BS. To implement a new refined model of the total power consumption for LS-MIMO system. To derive closed-form EE-maximal values of number of (BS) antennas, number of active (UEs), and the transmit power using ZF processing in single-cell system and new refined model of the total power consumption when the other two are fixed. To evaluate analytic results for ZF processing scheme with perfect CSI. To measure numerical results for ZF, MRT/MRC, and MMSE processing schemes processing schemes with perfect CSI in a single-cell scenario. To measure numerical results for ZR processing schemes with imperfect CSI, and in a multi-cell scenario. 1.4 Main Contributions This thesis has contributions to knowledge in three research issues for LS-MIMO system, which are the new refined circuit power consumption model, energy efficiency maximisation with ZF processing scheme, and deployment of imperfect CSI case and symmetric multi-cell scenario. Those main contributions of this thesis are summarized and elaborated more detail as follows: The circuit power consumption is the sum of the power consumed by different analogue components and digital signal processing. The new refined model of the total power explicitly described how the total power consumption depends non-linearly on number of number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power. The closed-form EE expression under the assumption of ZF processing scheme is employed in the uplink and downlink for optimal number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power for a single-cell scenario with perfect CSI. This option is driven by analytic convenience and numerical results likewise which are close to optimal. Analysis of imperfect CSI case and symmetric multi-cell scenarios deployment are extended using the same method above. A New achievable rate derived for symmetric multi-cell scenarios with ZF processing. 1.5 Research Methodology In the first stage of the research, literature review of past and current works on the area of MIMO, MU-MIMO, and LS-MIMO are extensively conducted to broaden the perspective on such areas of study. Furthermore, state of the art related to those addressed issues are deeply studied and intensively explored during this period. Following the literature review phase, implementation starts with formulating the EE maximisation problem. A new refined circuit power consumption model is proposed. All this then used to compute closed-form expression for the optimal number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power under the assumption of ZF processing scheme. The testing stage starts with simulation. All the simulations were performed using Monte Carlo Simulation techniques in Matlab. Monte Carlo simulation can handle very complex and realistic. Monte Carlo Simulation were executed for all the investigated schemes with perfect CSI, for ZF with imperfect CSI, and in a multi-cell scenario In the validation stage, numerical results are used to authenticate the theoretical analysis and make comparison amongst different processing schemes. 1.6 Thesis Structure This thesis comprises of six chapters, where each chapter is inter- dependent. Chapter 1 Introduction: Chapter 2 LS-MIMO-An overview: This chapter presents an overview of the LS-MIMO concept. Chapter 3 Literature Review- Energy Efficiency Maximisation in LS-MIMO: Chapter 4 Techniques to Maximise Energy Efficiency: The simulation procedures will be explained in this chapter. Chapter 5 Result and Analysis: This chapter describes description and evaluation for this investigation of LS-MIMO . Chapter 6 Conclusion Further Work: This chapter concludes the results of the implementations, and recommendation of developing revised model for LS-MIMO systems. LS-MIMO An Overview 2.1 Introduction to LS-MIMO Wireless communication is one of the most successful technologies is one of the most successful technologies in modern years, given that an exponential growth rate in wireless traffic (known as Coopers law) [1]. This trend will certainly drive by; for example, augmented reality and internet-of-things [1]. Figure 2-1:[6] 2.2 Antenna configurations Radio-Frequency (RF) circuit is usually connected to its physical antennas through an RF cable in a passive AA. A Remote Radio Unit (RRU) in with a Baseband Unit (BBU) has become a preferred configuration recently [1]. 2.3 Channel Measurements Realistic channel measurements have been carried out in in an effort to identify the main characteristics of LS-MIMO channels [15] 2.4 Channel Model Three types of channel models have been used for evaluating the performance of wireless communications systems, namely the Correlation-Based Stochastic Model (CBSM), the Parametric Stochastic Model (PSM) and the Geometry- Based Stochastic Model (GBSM) in [1]. 2.5 Processing Schemes Precoding LS-MIMO is based on linear processing at the BS. BS has observation of the multiple access channels from the terminals [6]. The BS applies linear receive combining to discriminate the signal transmitted [6]. The simplest choice is maximum ratio (MR) combining by adding the signal components coherently. In [6], this result signal amplification proportional to. Energy Efficiency Problem Literature Review 3.1 System and Signal Model The uplink and downlink of a single-cell multiuser MIMO system operating is considered over a bandwidth of B Hz [15]. 3.2 Channel Model and Linear Processing The M antennas at the BS are spaced apart such that the channel components between the BS antennas and the single-antenna UEs are uncorrelated [15]. The channel describes propagation channel between antenna at the BS and the UE. We assume small scale fading distribution [15]. 3.3 Uplink In [15], under the assumption of Gaussian, linear processing, and the perfect CSI, the achievable uplink rate of the th UE is (3.6) the pre-log factor accounts for pilot overhead and is the fraction of uplink transmission [15]. In addition, (3.7) 3.4 Downlink A normalized precoding vector and the downlink signal to the kth is assigned a transmit power of . In [15], assuming Gaussian codebooks and perfect CSI the achievable downlink rate of the kth UE with linear processing is (3.13) 3.5 Problem Statement The EE of a communication system is measured in bit/Joule and the average total power consumption (in Watt = Joule/second) [15]. The total EE of the uplink and downlink is (3.20) Energy Efficiency Maximisation-Techniques 4.1 Realistic Circuit Power Consumption Model The sum of the power consumed by different components and signal processing is the circuit consumption is [15]. A power consumption model is proposed (3.22) 4.2 Energy Efficiency Maximisation with ZF Processing The EE maximisation problem is resolved under the assumption that ZF processing is employed. This solution is driven by analytic and the numerical results [15]. For ZF processing, Problem 1 reduces to (3.30) 4.3 Extension to Imperfect CSI and Multi-Cell The analysis is prolonged to single-cell scenarios with imperfect CSI. A new achievable rate is derived with ZF forcing processing. The achievable user rates in single-cell scenarios with imperfect CSI [15]. (3.52) Simulation Setup and Numerical Results 5.1 Simulation Setup Simulations used to validate the system design guidelines under ZF processing and to make comparison with other processing schemes [15]. Numerical results provided under both perfect and imperfect CSI, and for single-cell and multi-cell scenarios [ 15]. For stimulating ZF, and MRT analytic results were executed and MMSE, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to maximise EE [15]. 5.2 Single-Cell Scenario The chosen deployment model validated. 5.3 Multi-Cell Scenario A lot of studies have been carried out. Conclusions and Future Research 6.1 Conclusions This thesis focuses on the energy maximisation improvement of the LS-MIMO systems to cope with energy maximisation problem. The thesis has three main contributions; all are elaborated in detail. 6.2 Future Research Several recommendations, which may guide to the future research directions on LS-MIMO systems. Bibliography [1] K. Zheng, L. Zhao, J. Mei, B. Shao, W. Xiang and L. Hanzo, Survey of  Large- Scale MIMO Systems, in IEEE Communications Surveys   Tutorials, vol.17, no. 3, pp. 1738-1760, third quarter 2015. [2] D. Feng et al., A survey of energy-efficient wireless communications, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 167-168, 1st Quart. 2012. [3] T. Kailath and A. J. Paulraj, Increasing capacity in wireless broadcast   systems using Distributed Transmission/Directional Reception (DTDR), U.S. Patent 5 345 599, Sep. 6, 1994. [4] E. G. Larsson, F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and T. L. Marzetta, Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186-195, Feb. 2014. [5] Views on Rel-12 and Onwards for LTE and UMTS, 3GPP RWS-120006, HUAWEI and HiSilicon, 2013. [6] E. Bjà ¶rnson, E. G. Larsson and T. L. Marzetta, Massive MIMO: ten myths  and One critical question, in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54,  no. 2, pp.114-123, February 2016. [7] S. Tombaz, A. Và ¤stberg, and J. Zander, Energy- and cost-efficient ultra- high-capacity wireless access, IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 18-24, Oct. 2011. [8] E. Bjà ¶rnson, M. Kountouris, and M. Debbah, Massive MIMO and small  cells: Improving energy efficiency by optimal soft-cell coordination, in  Proc. ICT, 2013, pp. 1-5. [9] E. Bjà ¶rnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal resource allocation in  Coordinated multi-cell systems, Found. Trends Commun. Inf. Theory,  vol. 9, no. 2/3, pp. 113-381, 2013. [10] Y. Wu, R. Zhou, and W. Zhang, Active antenna system: Utilizing the full  potential of radio sources in the spatial domain, Huawei, Shenzhen,  China, 2012. [11] S. Payami and F. Tufvesson, Channel measurements and analysis for very large array systems at 2.6 GHz, in Proc. 6th EUCAP, Prague, Czech Republic, Mar. 2012, pp. 433-437. [12] Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical Layer Aspects (Release   9),3GPP TS 36.814, Mar. 2010. [13] H. Boche and M. Schubert, A general duality theory for uplink and  downlink beamforming, in Proc. IEEE VTC-Fall, 2002, pp. 87-91. [14] R. Kumar and J. Gurugubelli, How green the LTE technology can be?in  Proc. Wireless VITAE, 2011, pp. 1-5. [15] E. Bjà ¶rnson, L. Sanguinetti, J. Hoydis and M. Debbah, Optimal  Design of Energy-Efficient Multi-User MIMO Systems: Is Massive  MIMO the Answer?, in IEEE Transactions on Wireless  Communications, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 3059-3075, June 2015.